UML growing concern

Currently there is no version of the UML concepts, including me also, UML1.1 version and now UML1.4 version I did not feel any different, but in the process of using the Rational Rose is also the only class, association, duties, activities, interfaces, use case, bag, sequence, collaboration, and application of simple state machines, etc., did not seriously consider any specific, detailed questions. OMG is committed to promoting UML2.0 version, I am "confused."
Originally published online in the software engineering expert posted on the discussion of UML UML is only limited to the simple concept of discourse, has been busy now I do not know what its course, the UML extension functions aside, and it is not good sense, but fortunately Zhang Dr. invitation only to find the promotion of UML in the country there are a lot of work to do, I will initially did not intend to explain the original UML-depth discussion of the issue continues, re-introduce some other good implementation experience.
Here, I will not describe UML concepts and usage, this will be the future of software engineering network to tell you about here and we simply talk about the reality of the situation of UML and the existing problems.
(Title word meaning less light to start a discussion. )
1. The direction of thinking
Thinking in the understanding of human history there are many memories of symbols, this is a time of human progress in understanding the human brain because they can not think of all the logical step in place, of course, use of symbols and memory, is derived. UML is also the symbol marking a historic leap forward, we designed the project, the business model in the process of designing a domain model in order again and again the relationship between various objects. So Dugguan said, "Remember, UML is only a symbol, not a methodology." I was in college during the elective philosophy, its curriculum paper was on the application of symbols in the realization of the discussion, so wholly unknown to some local insight.
After I know UML, Rational Rose to stick with the field of modeling, but also the field of software design and co-workers or people on the discussions in this regard, there are many great Rational Rose is also desired, for example, in the design process did not process tracking, only joined in the version UML1.4. UML2.0 version currently in use do not change the re-design of the project process, BUG repair, etc., that rely on other tools to compensate for the shortcomings of the tool, I generally use the microsoft Project to the project tracking and resource allocation process.
View from the application itself, UML is the Large enterprise applications, and I contacted the SMEs (China has no large-scale software companies, large enterprises can not do anything touch me), the practical application of UML for SMEs it is worrying, One theory even more, the second is the actual operation of a group Bingbing.
Why are the above argument, umlchina is the first one introduced UML, I get things from high school, but it is sporadic, this line opened in software engineering UML's column, but the number of articles only a handful, so give us something to good information to learn? UML OO theory is based, regardless of what mode to design my software, UML is the basis of the foundation, Rational company has paid a lot of work here (no longer on the table for commercial purposes).
As we all know: modeling is pre-coded software design (Modeling is the designing of software applications before coding). But for small and medium software, modeling software is a relatively large need for a lot of weak, and needs not modeling, so most of the software development team like the "fight a plan," even had the honor to write out the docs, nor in accordance with the document on a plan to implement, of course, been substantial damage modeling, UML use it not in a group Bingbing?
The actual situation, is worrying, but so can we avoid such problems, first of all to solve theoretical problems and solutions how to use, can improve efficiency and management aspects.
2. UML practical
Rose is based on the best UML modeling, design tools, the industry is in the process of using the sound of praise over the mouth of people who do not practice, good or bad is not good for the tool comment on the (as we say good, I also ...)銆?br />Late last year, I do telecommunications, financial industry people about the application of Rose, we have the same views, Rose is indeed a good thing, but the purpose of the use of different types, with Rose as the object-oriented modeling, Some focus on business modeling, and some do database modeling. I do not use Rose for data modeling, I chose CA Erwin.
In UML modeling language is also a lot before, but instead of these languages there is still major companies to speed up the process of UML is a good thing, but we design theory is not even fully grasp difficult zai.
I am not so pessimistic view, to address this gap can only find the best starting point, and the international development of a modeling standard (this is my idea).
In the process of using UML, Rational or people selected products, or to Rose dominated the field in the business are good at modeling is UML, Microsoft Corporation Voiso is also a good tool, which also includes also UML and related software modeling tools, Microsoft Corporation something very human, but this one was in the UML is the thin, but complementary to Voiso as Rose is good for but, after all, Microsoft's something we are too familiar, and the other is Word and other document editor easy to integrate.
Probably in the last year, there are several User Mail to ask a few questions on the UML design, issues related to industrial automation, when I was traveling, did not give details, but probably have to say about the method and process modeling. But afterwards, I think, the rapid development of various industries in China, today, technology is the rapid penetration, when it was pleased to see the UML modeling deep into the field of industrial automation, before Mr. Gao Zhan is also manufacturing industries like construction with UML model language model, anatomy of the large number of cases, and also develop their own modeling tools, it is rare.
Look on the face of the phenomenon of internal evaluation model appears pessimistic situation, now seems just a transition period, but shorten the transition period is that we should consider what (brothers strengthen Yeah!).
I have the time to join the company at the beginning of several recruitment, there are a lot of job seekers 璇㈤棶 company has anything to do Peixun, Dangshi my answer yes in the training of our company Yi Zhi, Yin Wei Ren Wei training I work there Yu Guo Cheng's, so using UML modeling or not, or use UML modeling in the process of actual operation will be those who push us to learn UML in the outlet.
3. The need for modeling
Software development model is the fundamental, no matter the size of the software, the scope, or the model itself is a systematic understanding of the software developed by a preliminary way. The moment in the needs analysis, we and our customers while drinking tea and talking, when there is no framework for the system in mind, yes, that time we have done, the system model, while in the tea in front of us starting to prove This is a preliminary model, with the work carried out and over time, the basic needs of the model is to model a large deposit of your program, I called in many times the system architecture.
In the present software development process, which must go through several processes are requirements analysis, system design, initial implementation, system implementation, system operation, system maintenance. At these stages, iterative development model we have gone through every stage of the baptism of a system modeling, now Rational's RUP in the system development process is also constrained the free development of our temperament (software development must follow one in the model, rather than our noble sentiment embodied).
The original form of modeling is preliminary, incomplete, and why? Reasons for this: the initial stage of modeling is, to move forward with the implementation of the system, the system model must change, but did not track the process of modeling the process, but to provide a reasonable mechanism RUP - iteration, we solve the system-level modeling of all the problems.
Iterative development process is described, the real model is a description of the various stages of renovation, the idea of the system, and grasp the system development trends, to effectively control the development and system architecture.
When the demand for analysis to a rationalization of the stage, the system model appeared, but now almost all of the companies are "better and more economical" development system, it is a taboo, and sometimes needs to be at a certain stage before exposed, so anxious is not a development of systems.
Patient, reasonable, and system modeling is the way to develop software.
UML gives us a system of standards (on the standard, I have specialized in software engineering article discusses the network), the standard is the standard operation, bound the criteria. With this, we do not need time to develop software dumbfounded.
Effective control of enterprise modeling is to rationalize the process of software development, software quality assurance basis. Is not all businesses are concerned about this? Is not all enterprises are valid throughout the implementation of this?



[Next]


4, process modeling using UML
House staff training day before yesterday to the software development process, some people say that we are all studied in school, and I know that computer science graduates have not studied software engineering if it is something that surprised me, but they told me they are in school at that stage can not be combined with the realities of the system, but (I) that an analysis of, oh, the original modeling process is so simple (the "Oh," I feel my three two-hour training were not wasted).
Since I know the benefits of UML, I am in the training process, the natural method of using UML modeling, UML design concept, at least, from a business model to the application (detailed analysis is in the process I described, will be soon in the WWW. 51CMM.COM.com to meet online with you), the basic shape of the process is a process.
I know from personal point of view to examine the attitude of some of the industry UML biased, biased point there? In terms of ideology, people learn UML or other modeling language at the time, into a fixed state of mind is used and used, does not. Specifically to improve efficiency and learning to use tools, but not to use the tool away to learn to use tools.杩欎釜瑙傜偣涔熸緞娓呮垜鐨?amp;quot;鎴戜笉寤鸿鍏堝Rose锛屽啀瀛ML"瑙傜偣锛屾垜涓嶆帓闄ゅ厛瀛︿範Rose鍙兘缁欏UML甯︽潵鐨勫ソ澶勶紝浣嗘蹇电殑璇尯鎴戜笉寤鸿鍘昏繘鍏ャ?
銆??"缁熶竴杞欢寮?彂杩囩▼"鏄疷ML杞欢寮?彂鐨勫叿浣撳疄鏂斤紝璇存槑UML鐨勭泭澶勶紝灏辫鍒嗘瀽RUP(Rational Unified Process),瀹冧负杞欢寮?彂鐨勫皬缁勬寚鍑轰簡濡備綍姝ｇ‘浣跨敤UML,閲囩敤UML寤烘ā鐨勮繃绋嬩笉鍚屾垜浠湪鍥藉唴浣跨敤鍚勪釜闃舵鐨勬枃妗ｏ紙姣斿锛氶渶姹傛枃妗ｃ?姒傝璁捐鏂囨。鎴栬缁嗚璁℃枃妗ｏ級锛岃嫢閲囩敤UML寤烘ā锛岀劧浠ユ枃瀛楄鏄庝箣锛屾垜鎬昏寰楀鍋氫簡浜涗簨鎯咃紝浣嗚繖鏍风殑浜嬫儏鎴戜竴鐩村湪澶氬仛鐫??
銆??鍞竴鐨勫師鍥狅紝鏄垜浠殑寮?彂灏忕粍瀵筓ML鐨勮〃绀烘柟娉曚笉澶悊瑙ｏ紝灏卞鎴戜竴鏍凤紝鍙互鐓ц懌鑺︾敾鐡㈢殑锛屼絾绂诲紑钁姦锛岀摙灏变笉鐭ラ亾濡備綍鏉ョ敾锛屾垜鍦ㄨ繖閲岃〃绀猴紝鎴戞効鎰忓拰澶у涓?亾鎶奤ML杩欎釜浜ゆ祦宸ュ叿瀛︿細銆?br />銆??鍗曠嫭鐨刄ML鏄病鏈夌敤鐨勶紝灏卞鎴戝憡璇変綘UML鍚勭被鐨勫浘锛岄偅涔堜綘濡備綍鐞嗚В璇ョ被鐨勫浘鍦ㄤ粈涔堝湴鏂逛娇鐢ㄣ?濡備綍浣跨敤锛?br />銆??涓?釜璐┛鏁翠釜绯荤粺鐨勭嚎绱笉瀛樺湪锛屽浣曟姏寮?ML鐨勮瑷?殑鏈韩锛岃繘鍏ML瀹炶川鎬х殑浣跨敤绌洪棿锛屾垜浠湪鎬濇兂浠呬粎瀛樺湪涓?欢浜嬶紝灏辨槸浠ML鐨勬柟娉曘?鎬濊矾銆佸垎鏋愯繃绋嬶紝娌跨潃绯荤粺鐨勬鏋堕?姝ョ粏鍖栦互杈惧埌瑙ｅ墫绯荤粺鐨勭洰鐨勩?
銆??鑻ヨВ鍓栫郴缁熺殑杩囩▼锛屽湪浠?箞鏍风幆鑺傞噰鐢ㄤ粈涔堟牱鐨?amp;quot;鍒?amp;quot;鎶?紝浠?箞鏃跺?浣跨敤澶氬ぇ鐨勫姏搴︼紝鑻ヨ兘澶熷仛鍒版父鍒冩湁浣欙紝杩樹細鍦ㄧ郴缁熺殑鍒嗘瀽銆佽璁°?瀹炵幇涓婂瓨鍦ㄥ洶闅撅紵杩欎簺涓滆タ鍦ㄤ粈涔堝湴鏂瑰彲浠ュ涔狅紝鍏磋RUP鍙互鍋氫綘鐨勫悜瀵笺?
5銆乁ML琛ュ厖
銆??UML骞朵笉鏄竾鑳界殑锛屽浐鐒跺瓨鍦ㄤ簺缂烘喚銆?br />銆??鍦ㄨ蒋浠剁殑璁捐杩囩▼涓紝搴旇瀛樺湪涓?釜椤圭洰鍜屽彟澶栦竴涓」鐩浄鍚岀殑鍦版柟锛岄偅涔圲ML鍦ㄤ袱涓」鐩浣曞鐞嗭紝杩囩▼鏄緢閲嶈锛岃嫢鏈夎繖鏍风殑涓?釜杩囩▼鑷劧浼氭湁濂界殑缁撴灉锛屼絾杩欐牱濂界殑杩囩▼缁欏紑鍙戝巶鍟嗗甫鏉ョ殑鎴愭湰澶ぇ锛岀敋鑷虫槸宸ㄥぇ锛屾棤娉曠敤鎵垮彈鐨勩?鎶?湳浜哄憳鍦ㄤ竴娆′竴娆＄簿鍖栫郴缁熺殑鏋舵瀯銆佸垎鏋愮郴缁熸ā鍨嬨?瀹氫箟鍚勪釜閮ㄤ欢闂寸殑鎺ュ彛锛屾灟鐕ワ紒
銆??鏋嚗锛佷竴瀹氭槸锛屽湪鎴戣璇嗙殑杞欢寮?彂浜哄憳锛屾瘡涓汉閮?amp;quot;鍠滄"鍔犵彮锛岃繖鏄伐浣滐紝涓轰粈涔堬紵
銆??鏅鸿兘鐨勮璁℃槸鎴戜滑闇?銆?br />銆??UML娌℃湁鏅鸿兘搴撳彲浠ヨ瘑鍒畝鍗曟瘮濡傛帴鍙ｅ畾涔夈?绫荤殑瀹氫箟锛屽缓绔嬬浉鍏崇殑妯℃澘锛岃繖鏍蜂篃鏄腑闂翠欢鎶?湳鍙戝睍鐨勪竴涓叆鍙ｇ偣銆?br />銆??UML鎹嗙粦涓棿浠惰繘琛岀▼搴忕殑璁捐锛屽綋璁捐杩囩▼鍒伴儴浠舵垨瀛愮郴缁熺殑鏃跺?锛屼笅闈㈢殑宸ヤ綔鍙互鏈塙ML鐨勬ā鏉夸緵鎴戜滑閫夋嫨锛岄偅鏍锋垜浠紑鍙戣?杩涜姒傝鐨勫垎鏋愬氨鍙互寰楀嚭绋嬪簭鏈韩锛?br />銆??闅忕潃绀句細鍒嗗伐杩涗竴姝ョ粏鍖栵紝浜轰滑鍏冲績浠呬粎鏄竴娈碉紝浠庣▼搴忓紑鍙戣?鐨勮搴︽潵璇达紝绋嬪簭寮?彂浠呬粎鏄郴缁熻璁＄殑涓?锛屾瘮濡傦紝A鍏徃浠呬粎鍋氱敤渚嬫ā鍨嬨?B鍏徃浠呬粎鍒嗘瀽鐢ㄤ緥妯″瀷鍒拌璁℃ā鍨嬶紝C鈥﹁繖鏍峰悇绾х殑鎵垮寘灏嗗浣曞疄鏂斤紵鏄惁浼氬嚭鐜拌繖绫绘儏鍐碉紝鎸夊悎鍚岃璁?Design By Contract)鏄惁鏄繖绫绘儏鍐点?
銆??鍦↗acobson 璁块棶涓浗涔嬮檯锛屻?绋嬪簭鍛樸?璁块棶浜嗚繖浣峌ML涓撳锛屼粬寮鸿皟"璁捐妯″紡"瀵逛互鍚庡缓妯＄殑褰卞搷锛屽悓鏃朵篃鎻愬強AOP鐨勫墠鏅紝浠栬锛?amp;quot;褰撲綘缂栧畬鐢ㄤ緥涔嬪悗锛屼綘闇?灏嗙敤渚嬪彉鎴愮郴缁熶腑鐨勮嫢骞蹭釜瀵硅薄锛屼粖鍚庯紝鎴戜滑涔熻鍙互鍊熷姪AOP鐩存帴瀵圭敤渚嬬紪绋嬶紝涓嶆槸瀵圭被缂栫▼锛岃?鏄鐢ㄤ緥杩涜缂栫▼"銆?br />銆??浠栫殑鎯虫硶锛屾垜鍦ㄥ幓骞存浘缁忔彁鍑鸿繃锛屾病鏈変粬杩欐牱娣卞埢锛屽彲鏄湪BBS涓婅楠傜殑"浣撴棤瀹岃偆"銆傛湁浜涗簨鎯呭彧瑕佷綘鎰熸兂锛屽氨鏈夊彲鑳藉皢鍋氬嚭鏉ャ?
銆??UML鐨勫彂灞曚篃鍙皳浠婚噸鑰岄亾杩滐紝鍥藉唴鐨勪娇鐢ㄨ兘鍔涙垜浠兘甯屾湜鍔姏璺熶笂銆?br />6.鎬荤粨
銆??浣嗘効杩欐涓婚缃戝弸鍦ㄩ獋鎴戝墠鑳戒粩缁嗘?閲忎竴涓嬭嚜宸卞拰浣犲懆鍥寸殑鐜扮姸鈥︹?





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[Demon Heroes] 1.62 Water God, single-pass Raiders Cheats

"Aion," summed up their experience with the bow trap star

1, glue traps

The most primitive traps, strange choice for control, absolute good skills, both single-P, copy, control strange kites emergency is a good thing

2, toxic trap

Early I used more rarely now I basically use the CD and glue it overlapping, single Shaguai and PK still used, very good, usually have arrows instead of using highly toxic

3, Explosive Trap

Poor lost the skills I have friends, do not feel much harm beating 鎵撴? ... ...

4, bound trap

Discarded, and the glue of CD's it, not to open the game, forgotten, discarded anyway, because after the attack with the click will automatically unlock the shackles, when I really want to use glue or replaced with a group tied the

5, dust trap

I feel better with the particular and the sword cut the time of the

We went to Magic hole killing, using the dust, the soldiers asked not to have feelings, the soldiers did not feel that high dodge, ah, oh silent

But Star team and kill, kill anti-strange star when the treatment increases the blood, if there is no blame to him he put a dust Naozhuo to good effect, he said ... well ... very well

Dust Summary: This slows down the other side singing justifiable; especially the BOSS to send large skills, they can give you the opportunity to walk around thinking; to evade the high point of the people will feel easy to use, cut each other than Kazakhstan, under the books, brush JY, particularly in group attack, put a good, good things

6, groups of binding (forget his name, the range of 10 meters is bound trap)

I occasionally use the following, in particular a collective sprint, it was strange group received chase, I put one, then ran to see the back of the green as they grow barley grass, haha

This trap defects can not attack the strange, the attack about, breaking the trap on

7, rope trap

Branding skills, how do you say, people love so full of hurt, ah, secretly put a skill, quietly pull the enemy to step on, silent prayer Do not resist the occasional non-resistance, joyful hearts, straining under fire fire, fire end, hundreds of blood found on it ... ... as a small nail hair demonic skills it

Throw a well-deserved

8, dashed trap

DP consumed large strokes, and LP to kill crows have been three personal attacks, which the other party has cured, sword star, died after being cured by my mill, sword star finally catch up with me and I LP to kill him, I suddenly see cure climb from the ground up ... ... a strong Xisha him, the thought of his own on the first resurrection, suddenly saw him up ... ... Ghosts, and then I estimated that he used the self-resurrection Stone (until the resurrection with their own skills)

And this time, my wife and I are very dangerous, and blood are less than half, and pulled up on the ground if another cure, together with blood, as we have set, and I so he ordered a DP medicine, put a burst ( not used this stuff before it), because everyone in the pile of cut, and on the sword and I just put a anti-dust + crimson before to now, I see the cure not care for her blood increases, transient I put a burst on the stoop, "H", healing and blood is running all get on the ground of the Sword Star

I have stunned for a while, my wife asked me how they had ... ... a ghost that shattered so fierce that oh

On the other after

Casual chat, please bear with suggestions Oh!







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12 large companies in 2007-2008 compared the welfare state

Large companies benefit files

"First Financial Weekly" select IT, consumer, financial and real estate industries for 12 companies, these companies through interviews with staff, management, human resource managers, on the welfare of these companies to make forecasts for 2008 and with welfare state in 2007 were compared. These 12 companies, there are seven foreign companies, three state-owned enterprises, two private companies.

Companies were expected to award the 2008 year-end 2007, compared with the situation, 鈫?is unchanged, 鈫?to increase, 鈫?to reduce.

Tencent IT 鈫?br />
The continuing effects from the incentive to consider, Tencent number of year-end awards from the 2007 release of "personal salary of 4.3 times the + double income" to 2008's "personal salary of 2.3 times the + double-income" (mainly referring to monthly salary), but individual monthly wages increased by 25%. Hand down the money in a year compared with last year changed little, but employees generally agreed that the effect of encouraging better than in the past.

Non-cash benefits, Tencent main tourist and business training. The number of visits did not change, sector excursions generally have two to three times, the company's long-distance travel for the first time. But the company offers personal travel costs to increase, per capita increased about 1 / 3. Little change in training, mainly for business and corporate culture training.

Alibaba IT 鈫?br />
Alibaba listing by the end of 2007, catch up with the listing of the last bus, are not immune to being a financial crisis. However, employees of the company year-end awards for 2008 the amount was very optimistic, because this year, their wages rise to varying degrees.

Alibaba employees a wage increase of 10%, she predicted 2008 year-end awards will be flat with the first year, accounting for 20% of annual revenues to 30%; the other one is more optimistic about the number of employees in 2007 to take to year-end double pay, she expected the end of the year award in 2008 will account for 10% of annual revenue to 20%, equivalent to three pay her salary in the range of 5% to 6%.

Standard Chartered Bank Financial 鈫?br />
Standard Chartered Corporate Banking Division, said an employee, linking individual performance with year-end awards are generally paid double salary or three. But the financial crisis, some departments may be abolished in 2008 year-end awards, the proportion of business and certainly a bonus lower than in 2007. Even so, there are some benefits that Standard Chartered employees feel good, such as: transportation and communication costs reimbursement; employee discount of about 3% of the company buy a house;

Regular employees to purchase company stock, but must hold at least three years, such as employees selling shares, the share price below the original purchase price, the company will buy back the original purchase price to ensure that employees do not lose money.

But there are certain benefits that the company's employees feel uncomfortable: no overseas travel incentive company in the Christmas, New Year, Chinese New Year festival of this magnitude cost of basic non-fat feast.

Yum consumption 鈫?br />
Owns KFC, Pizza Hut Yum Group, 2008, the company's benefits include: cash, training and tourism. Travel benefits are enjoyed by each employee, each person has a certain amount of travel expenses. Cash benefits is the end of the year award - year-end double pay, which is not much of a difference in 2007.

IKEA consumer 鈫?br />
IKEA stores year-end awards in accordance with the performance of each payment, if this year, commercial centers which meet certain requirements, such as customer satisfaction index compliance, all of this mall employees can receive a year-end awards. IKEA China, said Xu Lide, director of public relations, although the poor environment in 2008, but Beijing mall's staff has been the prize money, the amount of decrease over last year.

In addition to year-end awards, IKEA will be every 4 months, an assessment of each mall, paid a bonus based on performance. In addition, there is no other cash or non-cash benefits.

Ford 鈫?br />
Although Ford's staff expects the year-end awards in 2008 and previous years will receive double pay, but the company months of the red, and also increased the prize money to reduce their fears. Value of 80 yuan from the company for the Haagen-Dazs vouchers to subsidize the high costs this summer, employees of view, such worries are not redundant.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Consulting 鈫?br />
Financial crisis to PwC in 2008, reduced staff overtime and the project budget - to the average income of employees decreased by 10%, but the boss made it clear that "no layoffs" e-mail or give us peace of mind at the end of the year is not less.

"The benefits are not satisfied, but after all is grim." Interviewed employees of the shrinking real wages in 2008 expressed understanding. Basic cash welfare in 2008 and previous years flat, open end of the double salary payment.

Non-cash benefits are almost the same in previous years, including every Friday Coliseum private use; travel once a year; add up to more than a month of training; discount do gym, regular health talks, the company has specialized clinics can be next to go doctor. But employees have said: "busy with work, these benefits can really enjoy the few."

Itochu consumption 鈫?br />
Itochu, a non-business sector employees, said end of the year award has not changed in recent years is basically a half months wages. Market, the business sector will have more commission money.

The Japanese companies in China with a strong Japanese culture. New Year's Day each year, the company will be held in the New Year. 2009 New Year's Day, New Year will be held in China, general manager of home. In addition to the New Year will be, "B艒nenkai" employees is a more natural look forward to the project, which is similar to the Chinese company's annual meeting. The evening of 7 January 2009, employees with their own programs go Happy, apart from a lucky draw, we all look forward to 5 years / 10 years / 15 years Staff Award, which is the company for long-term service staff to develop a special award - although Staff Award for 15 years may only 1,500 yuan, but eventually get the money, the Chinese New Year is a joyous thing.

Intel IT 鈫?br />
Intel's year-end performance bonuses, sales personnel and non-sales Different.

As a non-sales employees, the year-end performance and company performance is related to the 2008 year-end awards will be less certain. The performance bonus is only symbolic, divided into twice a year, a total of about 10,000 yuan or so. Other year-end benefits, cash-based, generally a lot easier.

Intel said one employee, by the greater environmental impact, the company rumors preceding full year to pay 3% to 5%, but the specific will drop, and now I'm not sure. The boss had come out to reassure the population that does not pay. Who knows, in recent years to keep their jobs on the good.

鈫?Vanke Real Estate Group

Vanke interviewed staff believes that the upcoming year-end awards will be much less than last year, after all, the real estate market in 2008 compared with 2007 is like falling into hell from heaven. Vanke year 2008 total sales area of 5.57 million square meters, the amount of 47.87 billion yuan sales were less than 9.2% over the same period the previous year and 8.6%. Poor performance, it will be reflected in the real estate company paid to employees on year-end awards.

However, Vanke is a good day it just ended. Vanke staff salaries and benefits soared year after year since 2004, Vanke said an internal report in 2006, Vanke's salary and benefits the industry growth rate is 5 times the industry growth in 2007 4 times.

Air China Air 鈫?br />
By the end of December 2007, Air China is expected to substantial loss in 2008, of which the carrying amount of fuel hedging losses as high as 3.6 billion are expected, together with the previously snow, earthquake, Olympics, control, economic crisis in a series of attacks, The Chinese largest airlines experienced the worst of circumstances seemed.

But this does not seem to affect the overall welfare of Air Staff, Air 2008 pilot, flight attendant average salary increase of 10%.

Although Air China suffered a loss, but because of losses concentrated in the fourth quarter, which may affect the larger end of the year award in 2009, not 2008. Staff estimated that in 2008 there will be appropriate to reduce dividends, the same year-end awards. Air China Award for 2007 year-end 7.25-month post allowance, the captain led 747 after-tax annual salary from 400,000 to 500,000 yuan, the first co-pilot from 180 thousand to 220 thousand yuan.

CNOOC Energy 鈫?br />
The company's year-end bonus was inverted pyramid, that is B level and above (equivalent to being deputy director level) of the end of the year award is several times below the rank of D, such as D-level employees generally average annual bonus from 50,000 to 60,000 yuan, then the B-class in the 200,000 to 300,000 yuan, A-level more. CNOOC's Award in 2008 changed little year-end 2009, CNOOC's welfare spending and wage growth is unlikely.







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SA118 translation (8)

Chapter VIII of the user data archive
Translation: hfzheng
hfzheng@sohu.com
Please keep this information reproduced
Archive command overview
In order to file and directory security, they need to archive a copy to removable media such as tape. You also need to archive the tapes to recover lost, deleted, or have been destroyed documents.
System which can use the command can easily store, locate and restore or archive tape device file. Available commands are:
tar: create a file to a tape device or the archive file, a tape device or solution files in the archive
compress and uncompress: a file compression and decompression
zcat: view a compressed file
gzcat: Extract the files at the same time view the file. Under the command line unzip files, and to extract data displayed on the screen.
Zip and unzip: compress and decompress files
Gzip and gunzip: compress and decompress files
Jar: compression packing multiple files into one archive
Cpio: from the archive file or tape device in a paper copy of reconciliation
Note: When the archive, we should use relative paths
Tar archive file using the command
tar command tar file from a file called archive files, or solved. A tar file is typically a tape device, but not limited to this, can any files.
Command format
tar functions archive_name / tape_device filenames
functions
The following is tar used a detailed list of functions:
Function defined
c Create a new tar file
t list the contents of tar file
x from the tar file in the Solution of a specified file
f specify archive or tape device name, the default tape device is / dev/rmt/0
v details of the contents of tar file
Create the tape device, view, restore a directory ribbon device
User1 directory to create a tape archive, use the default tape device, perform the following command:
$ / Export / home
$ Tar cv user1
View copy to tape the contents of the directory, execute the following command:
$ Tar t
If the user1 directory is accidentally deleted or damaged, you can execute the following command from the tape archive solution out to restore the contents of the directory are the directory:
$ Cd / export / home
$ Tar xv user1
Normally, system administrators usually at night on the home directory for archiving, but in normal times, but you also archive the contents of your home directory, so that if a file is deleted accidentally, you can quickly resume.
Create the archive file, in the view from the archive and restore files
tar command can also create an archive disk, you can share the files with other users, or add the file as an e-mail message.
$ Cd
$ Tar cvf files.tar file1 file2 file3
The above example, the file file1, file2 and file3 saved to a file called files.tar. Need to view the contents of the file, execute the following command:
$ Tar tf files.tar
The following example shows how to solve for the archive file to the current directory:
$ Tar xvf files.tar
Compressed files using the compress command
compress command is used to compress files to reduce the file size. And is very useful when dealing with large files, you can save hard disk space, when transmitted through the network transmission time can be reduced.
Compression ratio can be different according to the different file types, for a text document, usually 60-80% compression. When a file is compressed, the file will be a band. Z file extension instead of, attention, file owner and modification time is not changed, although the contents of the file has been completely changed.
Command format
compress filename
Compress a file
The following example is used to compress a file named files.tar:
$ Compress-v files.tar
The newly created zip file, will be used to replace the original file files.tar.Z file. With extension naming tradition is to remind the user that the file has been compressed. In the absence of extract can view and print before.
Note: Compressed files an already compressed file will become larger.
Extract the files using the uncompress command
uncompress command is used to restore a compressed file to its original state.
Command format
uncompress-c filename
The following example is used to extract a file named files.tar.Z:
$ Uncompress files.tar.Z
View the contents of a compressed file
Use with-c parameter uncompress command can display the contents of a compressed file to the screen, rather than extract. Z files.
$ Uncompress-c files.tar.Z | more
View files using the zcat command
zcat command can also view a file created by the compress command, zcat command translation compressed data, and to compress content of the document between the display on the screen, in the run zcat command, the contents of compressed files is not changed, still compressed stored on the hard disk.
Command format
zcayt-c filename
View the contents of a compressed file
To view the contents of a compressed file, execute the following command:
$ Zcat file.tar.Z | tar xvf -
Compressed files using the jar command
jar command and the tar command is similar, but the same steps in the compressed file, the command can copy and compress multiple files into one archive file, Zip application can read the jar file.
Note: the first is for the java programmers to use, to download multiple files at once, not each separate file in the next, jar command is the standard Solaris operating environment commands, in any other installed java virtual machine system can be used.
Command format
jar format and command syntax is almost the same tar command:
jar options output_file filenames / directorys
options:
jar command options:
Options defined
M does not create list
C to create a new jar file
Jar files are listed in the contents of T
X solved from the jar file, the file specified
F specify the jar file
V show details of implementation
Other tools
A more efficient compression tool is the zip and gzip, they can create a higher compression ratio of compressed file.
Use the zip command
zip and jar commands similar to the command are used to compress the file name, the difference is that zip is a unix tool, jar is a java application tools.
When using the zip command compressed file, the file name with extension. Zip.
Note: You can type in the command line zip and unzip to list all the options for each command.
Command format:
zip filename filename
For example:
$ Zip filename1 filename2 filename3 filename4
Using the gzip command
When using the command gzip compressed file, the file name with extension. Gz.
Command format:
gzip filename filename filename
For example:
$ Gzip filename1 filename2 filename3 filename4
Restoration of a gzip file
Gzip command to restore a compressed file, use the gunzip command:
$ Gunzip filename.gz
Use the cpio command
cpio command to archive files to tape or archive, or from the tape and archive solutions of the file.
Cpio command of advantages:
1, the compressed data to tape, and effective than the tar
2, the recovery file to skip out bad tape
3, can be written in different header file format to facilitate migration between the different systems
4, you can create multi-volume tape
5, you can archive and does not change the file access time
Command format
cpio options filenames
options:
Listed below can be used in the cpio command options:
Command definitions
o Create a file for the archive, copy the path name to the list of files or tape devices
I tape from the archive file or files solved
C in ASCII mode to read header information to be used for transplantation
T lists the contents of the file
V ls-l command to use and the format is similar to print out the file name list
M message to the media when the media and the needs of the end of the work has been completed, send a message
P reads the tape device or file to get the path name
A re-set when the copied file access time
I filename from the file filename as input file to read the content
O filename send the output of the cpio command file filename
Note: The cpio command line, you must specify o, I, p one of them.
Create the file file
The following example shows the combination of find and cpio commands to the current contents of the directory to create a file and copy it to the dir.list file.
$ Find. | Cpio-o dir.list
But the combination you find and cpio commands to those in the last week, is modified to create an archive file and copy it to the modify.list file.
$ Find.-Mtime -7 | cpio-ocv modify.list
The following example shows how to create a list archive for more than just the contents of the document:
$ Cpio-ivt-I dir.list
$ Cpio-ivt-I modify.list
Copy a directory of all files to tape
The following example describes how to use the cpio command copies files and directories to tape
$ Cd / export/home/usr1
$ Ls | cpio-oc-O / dev/rmt/0
List the contents of a tape, perform the following command:
$ Cpio-civt-I / dev/rmt/0
Table lists the contents of each file tape contains information on the eight parts, the first part of the octal mode with given access to the second part of the owner of the document is given, the third part of the given file number of bytes, the fourth, fifth, sixth part of the given file was last modified month, date, time. Last part gives the name of the file.
Restore files from tape
Need to recover files from the tape, first you have to put the location into the file and then execute the following command:
$ Cpio-icv-I / dev/rmt/0
Volume Management features
In order to store and restore the files in the floppy or CDROM, Solaris operating environment provides volume management features.
Volume Management for ordinary users to handle data in the floppy and CDROM provides a standard method. Using volume management features, you can automatically access your floppy and CDROM.
Note: If the volume management system does not start, only the super user can access the floppy and CDROM.
Volume management services from a daemon called named vold. Super users can start or stop any system in the process, by default, always start volume management services, so for the average user, can automatically manage access to the floppy and CDROM.
Detection of removable media devices
When we insert the floppy disk drive, floppy disk or CD to the CDROM in place, the volume manager need to test new equipment in order to provide access to the equipment.
CDROM Volume Management automatically detected, but the floppy disk, the Volume Manager does not automatically detect the new disk into the need to insert the disk every time you notice the volume manager.
Note: Automatic detection of extra disk read operations, this will soon wear damage to the floppy disk drive.
Volume Manager informed that you have inserted a new disk using the volcheck command.
Command format
volcheck options device_pathname
For example, to notify the Volume Manager to check your floppy drive inserted in the new media, execute the following command:
$ Volcheck-v / dev / disk
volcheck order feedback of the following messages:
1, if the disk into the drive, volcheck command displays the message: / dev / disk has media
2, if there is no disk drive, volcheck command displays the message: / dev / disk has no media
Access to removable media devices
The next section describes how to access removable media devices
CDROM and volume management
When the Volume Manager automatically detects the CDROM in CD exist, automatically place the CDROM directory tree called / cdrom standard directory.
You can use the cd command to enter to the directory, you can immediately access all the files in CD-ROM.
Access to local CDROM drive in the file:
1, in the drive into the CD-ROM (labeled side up), Volume Manager automatically put it on the directory / cdrom under;
2, in a terminal window, type the command cd / cdrom/cdrom0 and press Enter;
3, type the ls command and press Enter, the display / cdrom/cdrom0 all files.
NOTE: If you are running CDE File Manager, it will pop up a new File Manager window to display the contents of CDROM, you can window mode or the command line to access the data.
Floppy disk and volume management
Volume Manager does not automatically detect whether the floppy drive into a disk, you must use volcheck command to notify the Volume Manager to test drive. If the disk exists, the volume manager will put the disk in a directory tree called / floppy standard directory. You can use the cd command to enter to the directory, you can immediately access all the files on disk.
Access disk files:
1, placed in the drive has been formatted disk (labeled side up);
2, type volcheck and press Enter, the volume manager will put the disk directory / floppy under;
3, type cd / floppy and press Enter;
4, type ls carriage return, will show the disk name;
5, type cd disk_name carriage return;
6, type ls Enter to show all files on the disk name, you can use the cp command to copy the files on the disk.
Notes:
1, if there is no disk in the drive, volcheck will display an error message.
2, from the command line you can access files on the disk, or from the File Manager window File menu, choose Open Disk to access files on the disk.
Pop-up removable media devices
Once the completed CDROM and disk operations, you can use the eject command to remove the CD-ROM and floppy disk.
Pop CDROM
Eject the disc from the drive:
1, the CDROM File Manager window, click File, and select eject (eject) option;
Or:
1, close the CDROM File Manager window;
2, type the command exit cd / cdrom directory;
3, type eject cdrom Enter a few seconds later, CD-ROM drive will pop up.
Pop-up floppy disk
To eject a floppy disk:
1, in the Disk File Manager window, click File, and select eject (eject) option;
Or:
1, close the Disk File Manager window;
2, type the cd command exit / floppy directory;
3, type eject floppy Enter a few seconds, the disk from the drive or display a pop-up window, telling you can manually eject the disk.
Device busy information:
If the CDROM or disk does not eject from the drive and display a "device busy" message, you may still work CDROM or disk directory.
When you are in CDROm or working directory when the disk can not eject CDROM and disk.
To see you is in / cdrom and / floppy directory, you can use the pwd command, if you are in the directory, use the cd command to exit the directory.





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Longhorn can be run on some old computer

Reply: This is good news. Although Microsoft recommends a computer to run very trendy the next version of the Windows operating system, but also be able to run Longhorn in a considerable number of old machines.

The bad news is, Longhorn running on those old machines will look quite a bit different. For example, with 3GHz processor and 512MB of memory the computer will play a special performance, including the beautiful graphics and ability to handle multiple video streams.

According to Microsoft's recent testing, only 128MB of memory of the old computer to run Longhorn, but its performance can not, as in a powerful new computer on the same. Many of these older machines running Longhorn there will be "has the same XP as the operation of" feeling, a Microsoft Windows operating system kernel developers said Richard Russell.

The new Windows has at least four different levels of graphics. One, Aero and Aero Glass graphics using the new composite interface, with a high-end Glass layer to add more transparency and 3D effects. Another graphical effect is called "To Go", is a popular portable computer and a new machine design, it has many of the same with the Aero color scheme, but did not practice with the ultimate graphics performance. The last one is the traditional model, it looks like XP or even Windows 2000 as. However, there will be differences in performance, more device configuration allows the new operating system to play better. It shows Microsoft's a big change in the concept.

Previous Windows versions, including Windows XP, operating system, the typical practice is the performance of a machine or all of its glory, or can not run altogether. "XP is XP," Russell said, "Longhorn is completely different, it will be re-defined." Formation of such a big change on the software giant's many challenges. First, it let the business community and consumers understand that the ability to run Longhorn does not mean that full advantage of all of its features. This, Microsoft is planning to design a new mark in the personal computer to identify, respectively, were: the machine is optimized for the Longhorn or just be able to load the operating system. Microsoft also operates a program is to allow computer manufacturers to specify which computer is "for Longhorn".

The second challenge, Microsoft said it was ready to proceed, is dependent on software for existing machines measure out what type of configuration is most appropriate. Russell said, Microsoft guarantee that when people upgrade to Longhorn, some settings are optimized according to their machines, though users still maintain the ability to change these settings. "We do not want to allow users to effortlessly proved wondering whether they can run (Aero) Glass", Russell said.
Similarly, computer manufacturers are encouraging the use of machine performance relative to their default settings, although customers can still change those settings. Microsoft Research analyst Michael Cherry said that Microsoft needs a feature for which the guidance which the hardware was too vague. Cherry said that while Microsoft needs of the processor and memory provides some detailed instructions, businesses may still not have enough information to understand a new computer should be installed on any kind of graphics card. He claims that he has not worked out for Microsoft "for Longhorn" specific indicators to guide business customers and that they now buy Diannao Shipishiyu new Caozuoxitong disappointed. "I do not understand why, so far they have not yet ready to give us one for Longhorn's hardware specifications." He said.








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About Groovy and Grails

Summary

Java Web Application Framework is the enterprise Java is one important reason for success. People wonder if there is no Apache Struts framework for Java EE could be so successful. Although the underlying programming language is important, however, the framework is usually to make the programming language into the center of attention. If you frequently visit the discussion forum, you'll notice that Ruby language and Ruby On Rails framework is also the case between. Ruby has been there 10 years, but only popular in the Ruby On Rails framework, the developers began to notice Ruby language.

Such as Ruby, PHP and Python scripting languages like more and more popular in recent years, therefore, need to develop a Java scripting language, and similar alternative Rails framework against Java environment. Groovy is the scripting language, and Grails is the framework.

In this article I will discuss Groovy's Web development features, and then continue to discuss the Grails framework. I will develop a sample Grails Web application, and discuss the various features of this framework.

What is Groovy?

Groovy is a language, its syntax is similar to Java, but simpler than Java. It is often regarded as the script / flexible / dynamic language, but I do not like this type of adjective, because I think they will only cause confusion. If Java is a wise middle-aged man, then Groovy is his teenage son. Groovy has many characteristics of his father, but more wild and more fun. They could also very well together.

Groovy far fewer rules than Java. For example, to get the standard Java "Hello World" output, you need to write a class, a main method with appropriate parameters, and so on. But in Groovy, if you do not want to write all the boilerplate code, you can put aside the class definition and the main method, you can only write one line of code prints out "Hello World".

The following is a document to print Hello World Hello.groovy content:

println "Hello World"

Java byte code platform is concerned only to be implemented. Similarly, the platform does not force you to use the Java language. Provide a byte code as long as the work will be conducted. Groovy code will be compiled to byte code, but for the Java platform, the byte code from Java code or Groovy code generated no difference.

The following is a Groovy example, it shows 浜?Groovy on the list, map and extent of De built-in support, and prove the simplicity of its use Groovy, Java, Jiang Tai Neng Li features:



/ / Print Date

def mydate = new java.util.Date ()

println mydate

/ / Iterate through a map

def numbersMAP = [''1'':'' ONE'',''2'':'' TWO'']

for (entry in numbersMAP) (

println "$ = $"

)

/ / Introducing the range

def range =''a''..'' d''

/ / Lists

def numberlist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

println numberlist;

println "Maximum value: $"



Please note that the above code to be used directly java.util.Date, built-in support of the collection to reduce the use of lists, map and extent of the required code. Groovy There are many other interesting features, such as closure and simplified XML processing. You can find a detailed list of groovy.codehaus.org.

Let us now discuss how to Groovy for Web development.

For Web development using Groovy

Most Java EE servlet tutorial is a basic example from the beginning. The Groovy Web development is, you will groovlet (the groovy concept in the corresponding servlet) started. If you are in out of the servlet class and doXX () method declaration, then the rest of the content on and groovlet like a. The following is an example of named Login.groovy of groovlet, you need to place it the most advanced Web application directory:



def username = request.getParameter ("username")

def password = request.getParameter ("password")

if (username == "java" & & password == "developer") (

response.sendRedirect ("home.jsp")

session = request.getSession (true);

session.setAttribute ("name", username)

)

else (

println "" "



Login Invalid



Your IP has been logged> $

"" "

paramMap = request.getParameterMap ()

println "

You Submitted:

"

for (entry in paramMap) (

println "$ = $

"

)

)



You can just create a simple HTML form, then this form of behavior attributes sent to the action = "Login.groovy". Then add the following tag to web.xml:





Groovy

groovy.servlet.GroovyServlet





Groovy

*. Groovy





Now simply add the required Groovy jar files to the WEB-INF/lib directory of your Groovy Web applications on any Java EE application ready to run the server.

You should have noticed the code is not a semicolon, and the use of implicit variables, such as request and response. Other implicit variables context, application, session, out, sout, and html.

GSP is the corresponding JSP in the groovy concept. You do not need to use println generate HTML; Simply Groovy code embedded in HTML pages. Examples of this article will be referred to the use of Grails GSP.

Please note that because all the code will eventually be converted to byte code, so groovlet and GSP can easily collaborate with the servlet and JSP. So you do not distinguish groovlet and the GSP or the servlet and JSP.

Let us now discuss the promising Grails framework. If successful, Grails can significantly change the development of Java Web applications that way. Ruby Ruby on Rails on the impact, Grails Groovy can also achieve.

Grails features and architecture

Ruby On Rails Grails attempts to use the "statute of programming" (coding by convention) to reduce sample configuration files and other boilerplate code requirements. Use the "Statute of the programming", if the file name itself can explain the purpose of this document, then you do not need another statement in the configuration file such content. This framework will see the file name and file their own clear purpose. By using the "Statute of the programming", Grails will automatically generate Web applications that need many of the content. By using Grails, you will be able in a short period of time, to minimize the complexity of the Web application ready. See the following example.

Grails based on open source technologies such as Spring, Hibernate and SiteMesh. If you already good at these technologies, this is a good thing; but for some reason if you do not like these technologies, or if you think that not only need to learn Grails, also need to learn the other three frames, this is not a good thing. Although the implementation of these technologies can help Grails better, but for most people to learn the four framework is a very high threshold. Grails documentation is currently focused on it with Spring, Hibernate, and other processes of integration, but I think it needs to adopt the opposite approach, implemented as a simple Grails rapid Web application development framework. Developers need to consider the underlying fear or what happened.

Fortunately, once you start using Grails, you will find these frameworks Grails hides most of the underlying complexity. If you forget to run in the bottom of the Spring, Hibernate and other procedures, then things will become simpler.

By the view and controller layer composed of Web

By a domain consisting of business logic classes and services

From the domain classes and data resources in the persistence layer

Most frameworks have dozens of properties, which only a small few have been widely used. For Grails, this key feature is the "rule programming" (coding by convention) the automatic generation of examples and components.

Other features include Grails Ajax, validation, unit testing and functional testing of the built-in support. It uses a free open-source Canoo WebTest project to implement Web application functional testing. Grails also provides integration with the Quartz Scheduler.

It is time to install the Grails framework and write your first application.

Grails Installation

Installation process is very simple. The following is Grails download page: http://grails.org/Download. You can http://dist.codehaus.org/grails/grails-bin-0.2.1.zip download version 0.2.1. Note that the Grails source code and documentation provided as a separate download. Download zip file, simply extract the contents to a directory can be, in my case, this directory is C: groovygrails-0.2.1.

Create a new environment variable called GRAILS_HOME and set its value to C: groovygrails-0.2.1. Next will be added to the PATH environment variable GRAILS_HOMEbin. This installation is complete. Interface through the command prompt to run grails command you can check the installation was successful. You should get usage information for this command.

Now that you have a running Grails installation, then you have to create a Grails Web application ready.

Grails Application Development: Application Structure

Over the years I have been planning to develop clothing that can help me manage the application - the application should be able to tell me my favorite T-shirt on where it washed, ironed it, and so on. Someday I'll earn on the sale of the application of millions, but now I will use it as an example Grails.

The first step is to create a Grails project directory structure. In this step I will be C: groovygrailsapps create a new directory, and on this level to open a command prompt window. In this window, execute the command grails create-app. Asked to enter your application name. Enter ClothesMgt. Grails will show it to you to create all the directories and files. Figure 1 shows the structure of the last received command.



Figure 1: Grails project directory structure

This command will create about 800 KB size of the files and directories. The idea here is to follow this framework has been established Web application development practices, so it creates files and directories in most Web applications is useful. Although some people may not like the idea of mandatory use of a structure, but the practice of automatically generated based on the RAD features of Grails is based.

If you look more carefully these directories, you will find that there is for such as controllers, views, testing, configuration files and things like tag library directory. You'll also find some basic JavaScript and CSS files. So now the basic structure of the application has been made. You only need to do to fill in the blank, the application can be ready.

Please note that auto-generated directories and file with the command is optional. You can manually create all the files and directories. If you are familiar with Apache Ant, so you can even open GRAILS_HOME directory srcgrailsbuild.xml file to carefully review the use of each Grails command.

Database

In this case I will use a running on localhost called Clothes_Grails the MySQL database. Built a Grails HSQL database, which is a simple test application that is useful or just try Grails. If you are using HSQL DB, so no need to perform the following steps. I will use MySQL to prove that you can very easily use a database other than HSQL.

Download MySQL from http://www.mysql.com/products/connector/j/ drive, and mysql-connector-java - stable-bin.jar file placed in the ClothesMgtlib directory. Next you need to edit ClothesMgtgrails-appconfApplicationDataSource.groovy file.

Now the contents of this file should be similar to the following:



class ApplicationDataSource (

boolean pooling = true

String dbCreate = "create-drop"

String url = "jdbc: mysql: / / localhost / Clothes_Grails"

String driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"

String username = "grails"

String password = "groovy"

)



Now let's look at how to use this database and object-relational mapping.

Field class

Grails Object-Relational Mapping (GORM) function for internal use Hibernate 3, but you do not understand or change any Hibernate settings. Grails is called "domain class" thing, these domain classes are mapped to the database object. You can use the relationships to link domain classes, they also provide for CRUD (create / read / update / delete) operations very powerful dynamic method.

In this case, we will create three domain classes, their names are Shirt, Trouser, and Cabinet. To create a domain class, just run the command grails create-domain-class. Please remember in your project directory (not its parent directory) within the run this command. This is a common mistake, although I have to remind you that you still guilty of at least one such error.

You must provide to the create-domain-class command only input is the class name. Run this command three times, the Shirt, Trouser, and Cabinet as the name of the three domain classes. Grails will now be in the directory grails-app/domain / create the domain class. They will only have two properties id and version. I will add the properties of these classes in order to make them more representative of the shirt, pants and wardrobe.

Listing 1: Cabinet.groovy

class Cabinet (

Long id

Long version

String name

String location

def relatesToMany = [shirts: Shirt, trousers: Trouser]

Set shirts = new HashSet ()

Set trousers = new HashSet ()



String toString () ("$: $ id")



boolean equals (other) (

if (other?. is (this)) return true

if (! (other instanceof Cabinet)) return false

if (! id | |! other?. id | | id! = other?. id) return false

return true

)



int hashCode () (

int hashCode = 0

hashCode = 29 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 30 31 32 4 5 6 7 8 9 (hashCode + (! id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0: id ^ (id>>> 32)))

)

)



Listing 2: Trouser.groovy



class Trouser (

Long id

Long version

String name

String color

Cabinet cabinet

def belongsTo = Cabinet

String toString () ("$: $ id")



boolean equals (other) (

if (other?. is (this)) return true

if (! (other instanceof Trouser)) return false

if (! id | |! other?. id | | id! = other?. id) return false

return true

)



int hashCode () (

int hashCode = 0

hashCode = 29 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 30 31 32 4 5 6 7 8 9 (hashCode + (! id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0: id ^ (id>>> 32)))

)

)



Listing 3: Shirt.groovy



class Shirt (

Long id

Long version

String name

String color

Cabinet cabinet

def belongsTo = Cabinet



String toString () ("$: $ id")



boolean equals (other) (

if (other?. is (this)) return true

if (! (other instanceof Shirt)) return false

if (! id | |! other?. id | | id! = other?. id) return false

return true

)



int hashCode () (

int hashCode = 0

hashCode = 29 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 30 31 32 4 5 6 7 8 9 (hashCode + (! id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0: id ^ (id>>> 32)))

)

)



I add only a few lines of a statement of the field names and colors, and then declare the Cabinet, Shirt and Trouser relationship. Each Shirt and Trouser belong to Cabinet, the Cabinet has the shirt and trouser set. belongsTo attribute is optional in this case, because one to many relationship, Grails will be "one" side as the owner. So you do not need to explicitly declared. Here, I explicitly declared only to make this relationship more evident.

Next we will discuss the Grails application, controller and view part.

Controller and view

Since the domain classes are ready, let's use the generate-all command automatically generates basic CRUD Web application. Grails generate-all command run three times, when classes are asked to provide domain name. The purpose of generate-all command is generated for each domain controller and view classes, but because of bug-245, Grails 0.2.1 can not generate the controller. You must manually generate the controller, the method is used for each domain class generate-controller command.

You should now be in the grails-appcontrollers directory see three controllers. The controller is responsible for Web application requests for a particular domain class. Therefore ShirtController.groovy Web applications will handle the domain class associated with the Shirt CRUD request, and so on. Now the controller has multiple closure, each closure is mapped to a URI. Language Groovy closure is a good feature, but get used to it or take some time. Listing 4 shows an excerpt Shirtcontroller.groovy.

Listing 4: ShirtController.groovy extract



class ShirtController (

def index = (redirect (action: list, params: params))

def list = (

[ShirtList: Shirt.list (params)]

)

def show = (

[Shirt: Shirt.get (params.id)]

)

def delete = (

def shirt = Shirt.get (params.id)

if (shirt) (

shirt.delete ()

flash.message = "Shirt $ deleted."

redirect (action: list)

)

else (

flash.message = "Shirt not found with id $"

redirect (action: list)

)

)

/ / ...

)



In this case, ShirtController closure of the list will be dealing with URI is / shirt / list of requests, and so on. You can use your controller used in the Java Web applications using things such as request, session and servletContext.

Please note: the value of the closure will be as explicit return statement, or as a closure body in the last statement of the value returned. Do not Grails does not return the generated code rather confused.

Once the controller to complete the processing of the request, it must be entrusted to the appropriate view. Grails uses custom mechanisms to achieve this. The list, therefore ShirtController closure will be entrusted to view / grails-app/views/shirt/list.gsp or / grails-app/views/shirt/list.jsp. While you are using Grails, all views can be JSP files instead of GSP. I almost did not write any code, but I'm ready for a Web application.

Let us try to deploy and run our application.

In the Java EE Server to deploy and run Grails

Grails has a built-in Resin server, you can use the grails run-app command to run the application. This command will deploy to the Resin application server and start the server. Http://localhost:8080/ClothesMgt so you can now access this application. You can also easily deployed to any JavaEE application server. I try to deploy it to Tomcat. To achieve this, I need to do is to run the grails war command to generate the war file to Tomcat's webapps directory in!

In this case, the resulting war file name is ClothesMgt.war. Once deployed to Tomcat, you should be able to access it in http://localhost:8080/ClothesMgt/ and see the screen shown in Figure 2.



Figure 2: Grails application

Through this application, access Shirt, Trouser, and Cabinet of all the CRUD functionality. Can display all the data closet to the wardrobe to add a new shirt and pants, edit and delete records of their value - to achieve all these operations without writing any business logic, view, or data access code. Only a few minutes you'll be better deployed in the JavaEE server, a proper Web application. Cool? !

Let us further customize Grails.

Create a custom controller

I will add new features and pages to the Web application, while reusing existing domain classes. shirt / list and trouser / list will display shirts and pants were a list, let us add a new display to simultaneously display a list of shirts and pants. To create a new display, you need a new controller and view.

Use generate-controller and generate-views command, you can easily use the fields automatically generated view and controller classes. However, in this case I want to create a class not directly associated with the domain controller. I will use the grails create-controller command. When prompted for the controller name, declare Display. Grails will grails-app/controllers / directory to create a controller called DisplayController.groovy in grails-tests directory to create a test suite. Edit controller as shown in Listing 5.

Listing 5: DisplayController.groovy

class DisplayController (

def index =

def list = (

params [''max''] = 10

return [shirtList: Shirt.list (params),

trouserList: Trouser.list (params)]

)

)

index redirect the request to the closure list. Closure in the list I will be the largest parameter set to 10, and then use the dynamic method Shirt.list and Trouser.list. Then return Groovy Map, it has two lists - the list of shirts and trousers list.

As a Java developer, when you see the Shirt.list () will naturally think that is the domain class in the list Shirt methods. However, if you open Shirt.groovy, will find that this method does not. For Java developers, do not know the characteristics of Groovy on Grails is not only confusing to use, and is a dead end. Grails dynamic method is a special feature, which is built on the Groovy language features a very special meta object protocol (MOP) above. So that you can use the dynamic method to query the domain class. Therefore, the controller, you will notice that the domain class called the method seems the domain class does not exist. Here you can read on the use of dynamic methods of inquiry for more information. Can be found here on the Grails controller and the domain class dynamic methods available in reference.

Since the controller can process the request, obtain and forward the list to the view, I need to create the appropriate view.

Create a custom view

When you create a controller, Grails also grails-appviews directory created a new show directory, and add the following to the web.xml file maps.



grails

/ Display / *

Grails currently has a generate-views command, this command can generate domain classes based on the view, however, does not automatically generate the view create-view command. See the example in Figure 3.



Figure 3: The default view of a display Trousers

I want to create an independent view of the domain class, so let us create a view file manually. Grails-appviewsdisplay in the directory, create a file named list.gsp, as shown in Listing 6.

Listing 6: list.gsp



Shirt List

Id Cabinet Color Name

$ $ $ $



Trouser List

Id Cabinet Color Name

$ $ $ $

And similar to the way I used before, you can now use the run-app command to run applications, or create a war file and deploy it to Tomcat. You should see the new view under http://localhost:8080/ClothesMgt/display/ shown in Figure 4.



Figure 4: The new shirts and pants to create the list view list

Now let's quickly discuss the Grails services.

Service

If you want to know how to separate the business logic and business logic of the position to place the answer in Grails service. Services to SomeNameService.groovy format name, and is placed in / grails-app/services / directory. Service dependency injection features available, you can easily call these services from the controller.

Let's look at an example of using the service. First, use create-service command to create new services. Run this command and naming services Order. Grails will create two files --grails-app/services/OrderService.groovy and grails-tests/OrderTests.groovy.

Now edit OrderService.groovy, as shown in Listing 7. When introducing new orderGoods () method will automatically generate serviceMethod ().

Listing 7: OrderService.groovy

class OrderService (

boolean transactional = true

def serviceMethod () (

/ / TODO

)

def orderGoods () (

return "Order Placed - New shirts and trousers

will be sent shortly. "

)

)

Now edit DisplayController, as shown in Listing 8. Rearrangement of the introduction of the use OrderService closure. Please note that service will be injected into Groovy.

Listing 8: DisplayController.groovy

class DisplayController (

OrderService orderService

def index =

def list = (

params [''max''] = 10

return [shirtList: Shirt.list (params)

, TrouserList: Trouser.list (params)]

)



def reorder = (

render (orderService.orderGoods ())

)



)



Now when you visit the URL http://localhost:8080/ClothesMgt/display/reorder, the rearrangement of the closure will be called OrderService, response will be sent back to the browser. You can be in a similar manner to all the business logic moved to service, and then use the injection of Grails feature is easy to use them.

Dynamic methods and properties

As previously mentioned, the domain class is not able to obtain data from the database, or update / delete the existing data in any way, such as find (), findAll () or save (). In the controller you do not write like redirect () or render () method like. But the domain classes and controllers have their aim of the project, and allow all the requested operation. The reason is Grails dynamic methods and properties exist. Dynamic method is dynamically added to the class, just like function is the same as compiled in the program.

These are the available methods and properties, without writing. These methods cover the most dynamic Web application development will face a common situation. For domain classes, the existence of such as find (), findAll (), list (), executeQuery (), save () and delete () method like dynamic.鎺у埗鍣ㄥ叿鏈夎濡俿ession銆乺equest鍜宺esponse涔嬬被鐨勫姩鎬佸睘鎬э紝浠ュ強璇稿chain()銆乺ender()鍜?redirect()涔嬬被鐨勬柟娉曘?瑕佺湡姝ｅ埄鐢℅rails鐨勫己澶у姛鑳斤紝鎮ㄩ渶瑕佷簡瑙ｆ墍鏈夎繖浜涘姩鎬佹柟娉曞拰灞炴?鐨勫姛鑳姐?

銆??椤轰究浠嬬粛涓?笅锛氳嚜鍔ㄩ噸杞藉拰@Property

銆??Grails鐨勪竴涓噸瑕佺壒鎬ф槸鑳藉鍦ㄥ紑鍙戣繃绋嬩腑杩涜浜嗘洿鏀规椂鑷姩閲嶈浇鏂囦欢銆傚洜姝ゅ彧闇?紪杈戝拰淇濆瓨gsp鏂囦欢锛屽氨浼氳嚜鍔ㄩ噸杞芥柊鏂囦欢銆傜劧鑰岃繖閲屽垱寤虹殑绫讳技OrderService 鐨勪簨鍔℃湇鍔′笉浼氳閲嶈浇銆傛偍浼氬湪鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦ帶鍒跺彴鐪嬪埌浠ヤ笅娑堟伅"[groovy] Cannot reload class [class OrderService] reloading of transactional service classes is not currently possible. Set class to non-transactional first. "銆?br />
銆??Grails鐨勮嚜鍔ㄩ噸杞藉姛鑳戒細涓烘偍鑺傜渷璁稿鏃堕棿锛屾偍灏辨棤闇?氮璐规椂闂存潵閲嶅惎鏈嶅姟鍣ㄤ簡銆傛垜纰板埌杩囦竴浜汫rails涓嶈兘鑷姩閲嶈浇鐨勬渚嬶紝渚嬪灏嗕竴涓猨sp鏂囦欢閲嶅懡鍚嶅埌gsp銆傜劧鑰岋紝Grails鐨勮繖椤瑰姛鑳芥湁鏈涘湪鏈潵鐗堟湰涓緱鍒拌繘涓?鏀硅繘銆?br />
銆??鍦℅roovy JSR 06 鐨勪箣鍓嶇増鏈腑锛屾偍蹇呴』浣跨敤@Property 鏉ュ畾涔塆roovy涓殑鏂板睘鎬с?鍥犳鎮ㄤ細鍦ㄧ嚎鐪嬪埌璁稿浣跨敤@Property鐨勬棫鐨凣roovy渚嬪瓙銆傜劧鑰岃娉ㄦ剰锛孈Property宸茬粡浠嶨roovy JSR 06涓Щ闄わ紝鍦℅rails 0.2鍜屼箣鍚庣殑鐗堟湰涓篃涓嶄細鍐嶉渶瑕佸畠銆傝鍙傞槄@Property 寤鸿鏉ヨ幏寰楁洿澶氱粏鑺傘?

Conclusion

銆??鍦ㄦ湰鏂囦腑锛屾垜浠嬬粛浜咷rails妗嗘灦鐨勫熀鏈壒鎬э紝骞朵娇鐢℅rails鍒涘缓浜嗕竴涓簲鐢ㄧ▼搴忋?Groovy鍜孏rails鏈?ぇ鐨勫ソ澶勬槸涓?垏閮借繍琛屽湪浼樼鐨勬棫Java鍜孞ava EE涓娾?鈥斿洜姝ゆ偍鑳藉浣跨敤Groovy鍜孏rails鐨凴AD鐗规?蹇?寮?彂搴旂敤绋嬪簭锛岀劧鍚庡皢搴旂敤绋嬪簭閮ㄧ讲鍒板彲闈犵殑Java EE鏈嶅姟鍣ㄤ笂銆傝?铏戝埌鍏充簬Ruby鍜孯ails鐨勫浼犲櫔闊筹紝鏄剧劧闇?涓?釜Java澶囬?鏂规銆侴roovy鍜孏rails鐪嬭捣鏉ラ潪甯搁?鍚堣繖涓鑹层?







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